第一章 单元测试
1、判断题：The goal of an argument is to abuse the audience.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
2、判断题：“33 + 66 = 99″ is an argument.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
3、判断题：“Water is H20, and salt is NaCl” is an argument.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
4、判断题：Every argument has more than one premise.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
5、判断题：All conclusions are made up of (or expressed in) language of some kind.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
6、判断题：The purpose of an argument is to present some kind of reason for its conclusion.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
7、判断题：You can give the meaning of a word by specifying what it refers to.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
8、判断题：A justification tries to present a reason to believe its conclusion.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
9、判断题：
When an argument is used for persuasion, its purpose is to cause its audience to believe its conclusion.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
10、判断题：A spoken argument is better when it is spoken more loudly.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
11、判断题：
An argument can succeed in justifying its conclusion even if its audience rejectsthe argument’s premises.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
12、判断题：The goal of an argument is to beat an opponent.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
13、判断题：Language is completely arbitrary.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
14、判断题：An explanation answers a question about why something happened.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
15、判断题：To persuade someone, you need to justify a conclusion.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
16、判断题：All arguments are made up of (or expressed in) language of some kind.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
17、判断题：You can give the meaning of a word by describing how it is used.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
18、判断题：
When an argument is used for explanation, its purpose is to give a reason to believe that its conclusion is true.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
19、判断题：An argument that is spoken is no good if it is not spoken loudly enough.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
20、判断题：Every conclusion contradicts what the audience believes.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
21、判断题：To justify a conclusion, you need to persuade someone.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
22、判断题：All arguments are used either to justify or to explain their conclusions.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
23、判断题：Language is arbitrary in some respects.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
第二章 单元测试
1、判断题：An assuring term is reflexive when it refers to the mental state of the speaker.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
2、判断题：The word “since” is always a premise marker.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
3、判断题：Evaluative utterances are used only to express emotions or prescribe actions.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
4、单选题：
A(n) ___ term is used to indicate a response to a possible objection.
A:
A = assuring term
B:
G = guarding term
C:
D = discounting term
D:
E = evaluative term
正确答案:【
D = discounting term
】
5、单选题：
A(n) ___term is used to indicate that the speaker has reasons for what he says
without actually giving those reasons.
A:
A = assuring term
B:
G = guarding term
C:
D = discounting term
D:
E = evaluative term
正确答案:【
A = assuring term
】
6、单选题：
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: “The Panda’s Thumb”
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices
from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
- E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
D = a discounting term
】
7、单选题：
In
this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase
that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter
might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: “The Panda’s Thumb”
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices
from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
G = a guarding term
】
8、单选题：
In
this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase
that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter
might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: “The Panda’s Thumb”
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
E+ = a positive evaluative term
】
9、单选题：
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: “The Panda’s Thumb”
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
A = an assuring term
】
10、单选题：
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: “The Panda’s Thumb”
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N= none of the above
正确答案:【
E+ = a positive evaluative term
】
11、单选题：
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: “The Panda’s Thumb”
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
C = a conclusion marker
】
12、单选题：
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: “The Panda’s Thumb”
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
G = a guarding term
】
13、单选题：
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: “The Panda’s Thumb”
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
N = none of the above
】
14、单选题：
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: “The Panda’s Thumb”
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
D = a discounting term
】
15、单选题：
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: “The Panda’s Thumb”
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
E- = a negative evaluative term
】
16、单选题：
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: “The Panda’s Thumb”
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
P = a premise marker
】
17、单选题：
In this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould: “The Panda’s Thumb”
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different
functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of
available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.
Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to
illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.
Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible
God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
C = a conclusion marker
】
18、单选题：
A(n) ___ term is used to weaken a claim in order to make it easier to defend against possible criticisms.
A:
A = assuring term
B:
G = guarding term
C:
D = discounting term
D:
E = evaluative term
正确答案:【
G = guarding term
】
19、单选题：
A(n) ___ term can be either positive or negative.
A:
A = assuring term
B:
G = guarding term
C:
D = discounting term
D:
E = evaluative term
正确答案:【
E = evaluative term
】
20、单选题：
A(n) ___ term is used to make a claim less vulnerable to potential criticisms.
A:
G = guarding term
B:
A = assuring term
C:
D = discounting term
D:
E = evaluative term
正确答案:【
G = guarding term
】
21、单选题：
A(n) ___term is used to indicate that the speaker has some reasons for what he says without actually specifying what those reasons are.
A:
G = guarding term
B:
A = assuring term
C:
D = discounting term
D:
E = evaluative term
正确答案:【
A = assuring term
】
22、判断题：
If a word can be replaced by a premise marker without significantly changing the meaning, then the original word is also a premise marker.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
23、判断题：“If … then …”is an argument marker.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
24、判断题：The word“too”in “too small” introduces an evaluation.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
25、判断题：The word “since” is sometimes a premise marker.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
26、判断题：Negative evaluative utterances say that something violates a standard.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
27、判断题：If a word in a sentence can be replaced by a conclusion marker without significantly changing the meaning of the sentence, then the word is used as a conclusion marker in that sentence.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
第三章 单元测试
1、单选题：
An argument is valid (in the technical sense used in this course) when and only when
A:
its premises and conclusion are both true.
B:
its conclusion is true (regardless of whether its premises are true).
C:
it is not possible that its premises are true and its conclusion is not true.
D:
it is not possible that its premises are not true and its conclusion is true.
正确答案:【
it is not possible that its premises are true and its conclusion is not true.
】
2、单选题：
An argument cannot ever be valid (in the technical sense used in this course) when
A:
its premises and conclusion are both true.
B:
its premises and conclusion are both false.
C:
its premises are false, and its conclusion is true.
D:
its premises are true, and its conclusion is false.
E:
none of the above. (That is, an argument can be valid with any of these combinations of truth values.)
正确答案:【
its premises are true, and its conclusion is false.
】
3、单选题：
Mount Everest is taller than Mount Kilimanjaro. No anthill is as tall as Mount Kilimanjaro. Therefore, Mount Everest is taller than any anthill.
How would you describe the above example?
A:
N = not an argument
B:
A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
C:
V = an argument that is valid but not sound
D:
B = an argument that is both valid and sound
正确答案:【
B = an argument that is both valid and sound
】
4、单选题：
He can lift 100 kilograms, so he is strong. This is
A:
N = not an argument
B:
A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
C:
V = an argument that is valid but not sound
D:
B = an argument that is both valid and sound
正确答案:【
A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
】
5、单选题：
He is so strong that he can lift 100 kilograms.
A:
N = not an argument
B:
A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
C:
V = an argument that is valid but not sound
D:
B = an argument that is both valid and sound
正确答案:【
N = not an argument
】
6、单选题：
Since Mrs. White did not commit the murder, Colonel Mustard did it.
Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?
A:
Mrs. White and Colonel Mustard are characters in the board game Clue.
B:
Either Mrs. White or Colonel Mustard committed the murder.
C:
Mrs. White and Colonel Mustard are suspects for the murder.
D:
Mrs. White and Colonel Mustard are the only suspects for the murder.
正确答案:【
Either Mrs. White or Colonel Mustard committed the murder.
】
7、单选题：
Joe does not like steak. Therefore, some farmers don’t like steak.
Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?
A:
Farmers raise plants but not animals.
B:
Farmers raise animals but not plants.
C:
Joe is a farmer.
D:
Joe is not a farmer.
正确答案:【
Joe is a farmer.
】
8、单选题：
Indicate which of the proposed reconstructions best captures the argument in the following passages from Steven Jay Gould, “The Panda’s Thumb”.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; [since] they are jury-rigged from a
limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary
flowers.
A:
(1) Orchids were not made by an ideal
engineer.
(2) Orchids are jury-rigged from a
limited set of available components.
____________________________
∴(3) Orchids must have evolved from
ordinary flowers. (from 1-2)
B:
(1) Orchids were not made by an ideal
engineer.
(2) Organisms that were not made by
an ideal engineer must have evolved
from ordinary organisms of the same
kind.
____________________________
∴(3) Orchids must have evolved from
ordinary flowers. (from 1-2)
(4) Orchids are jury-rigged from a
limited set of available components.
(5) Organisms that are jury-rigged from
a limited set of available components
must have evolved from ordinary
organisms of the same kind.
____________________________
∴(3) Orchids must have evolved from
ordinary flowers. (from 4-5)
C:
(1) Orchids are jury-rigged from a
limited set of available components.
(2) Organisms that are jury-rigged from
a limited set of available components
were not made by an ideal engineer.
(3) Orchids are organisms.
____________________________
∴(4) Orchids were not made by an ideal
engineer. (from 1-3)
(5) Organisms that were not made by
an ideal engineer must have evolved
from ordinary organisms of the same
kind.
(6) Orchids are a kind of flower.
____________________________
∴(7) Orchids must have evolved from
ordinary flowers. (from 3-6)
正确答案:【
(1) Orchids are jury-rigged from a
limited set of available components.
(2) Organisms that are jury-rigged from
a limited set of available components
were not made by an ideal engineer.
(3) Orchids are organisms.
____________________________
∴(4) Orchids were not made by an ideal
engineer. (from 1-3)
(5) Organisms that were not made by
an ideal engineer must have evolved
from ordinary organisms of the same
kind.
(6) Orchids are a kind of flower.
____________________________
∴(7) Orchids must have evolved from
ordinary flowers. (from 3-6)
】
9、单选题：
Indicate which of the proposed reconstructions best captures the argument in the
following passages from Steven Jay Gould, “The Panda’s Thumb.”
Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of
ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had
designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would
not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.
Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer….
A:
(1) Orchids are made up of common
components of ordinary flowers.
(2) Those components of ordinary
flowers are usually fitted for different
purposes (in ordinary flowers than in
orchids).
(3) If God had designed a machine to
reflect his wisdom and power, then he
would not have used components
generally fashioned for different
purposes.
∴ (4) God did not design orchids to reflect his
wisdom and power. (from 1-3)
B:
(1) Orchids are made up of common
components of ordinary flowers.
(2) Those components of ordinary
flowers are usually fitted for different
purposes (in ordinary flowers than in
orchids).
____________________________
∴ (3) Orchids are made up of
components that are usually fitted for
different purposes. (from 1-2)
(4) If God had designed a machine to
reflect his wisdom and power, then he
would not have used components
generally fashioned for different
purposes.
(5) Orchids are a kind of machine.
____________________________
∴ (6) God did not design orchids to reflect his wisdom and power. (from 4- 5)
C:
(1) Orchids are made up of common
components of ordinary flowers.
(2) Those components of ordinary
flowers are usually fitted for different
purposes (in ordinary flowers than in
orchids).
____________________________
∴ (3) God did not design orchids. (from 1-2)
(4) If God had designed a machine to
reflect his wisdom and power, then he
would not have used components
generally fashioned for different
purposes.
(5) God designs things to reflect his
wisdom and power.
____________________________
∴ (3) God did not design orchids. (from 4-5)
正确答案:【
(1) Orchids are made up of common
components of ordinary flowers.
(2) Those components of ordinary
flowers are usually fitted for different
purposes (in ordinary flowers than in
orchids).
____________________________
∴ (3) Orchids are made up of
components that are usually fitted for
different purposes. (from 1-2)
(4) If God had designed a machine to
reflect his wisdom and power, then he
would not have used components
generally fashioned for different
purposes.
(5) Orchids are a kind of machine.
____________________________
∴ (6) God did not design orchids to reflect his wisdom and power. (from 4- 5)
】
10、单选题：
Indicate which of the proposed reconstructions best represents the argument in
the following passage from an advertisement for Equal Exchange Coffee.
…Of course, your decision to buy Equal Exchange need not be completely
altruistic. For we take as much pride in refining the taste of our gourmet coffees
as we do in helping the farmers who produce them….
A:
(1) Your decision to buy Equal Exchange
Coffee need not be completely
altruistic.
____________________________
∴(2) We take as much pride in refining
the taste of our gourmet coffees as we
do in helping the farmers who produce
them. (from 1)
B:
(1) We take as much pride in refining
the taste of our gourmet coffees as we
do in helping the farmers who produce
them.
____________________________
∴(2) Your decision to buy Equal
Exchange Coffee need not be
completely altruistic. (from 1)
C:
(1) Equal Exchange Coffee company
takes as much pride in refining the
taste of their gourmet coffees as they
do in helping the farmers who produce
their gourmet coffees.
(2) Equal Exchange Coffee company
takes great pride in helping the farmers
who produce their gourmet coffees.
____________________________
∴(3) Equal Exchange Coffee company
takes great pride in refining the taste of
their gourmet coffees. (from 1-2)
(4) If Equal Exchange Coffee company
takes great pride in refining the taste of
their gourmet coffees, then their
gourmet coffees will taste good.
____________________________
∴(5) Equal Exchange gourmet coffees
will taste good. (from 3-4)
(6) If Equal Exchange gourmet coffees
will taste good, then you can make
yourself happy by buying Equal
Exchange gourmet coffees.
____________________________
∴(7) You can make yourself happy by
buying Equal Exchange g
正确答案:【
(1) Equal Exchange Coffee company
takes as much pride in refining the
taste of their gourmet coffees as they
do in helping the farmers who produce
their gourmet coffees.
(2) Equal Exchange Coffee company
takes great pride in helping the farmers
who produce their gourmet coffees.
____________________________
∴(3) Equal Exchange Coffee company
takes great pride in refining the taste of
their gourmet coffees. (from 1-2)
(4) If Equal Exchange Coffee company
takes great pride in refining the taste of
their gourmet coffees, then their
gourmet coffees will taste good.
____________________________
∴(5) Equal Exchange gourmet coffees
will taste good. (from 3-4)
(6) If Equal Exchange gourmet coffees
will taste good, then you can make
yourself happy by buying Equal
Exchange gourmet coffees.
____________________________
∴(7) You can make yourself happy by
buying Equal Exchange g
】
11、单选题：
Indicate which of the proposed reconstructions best represents the argument in
the following passage from an advertisement for Equal Exchange Coffee.
…We believe in trading directly with small farming cooperatives at mutually
agreed-upon prices with a fixed minimum rate. Then, should the coffee market
decline, the farmers are still guaranteed a fair price. So have a cup of Equal
Exchange Coffee….
A:
(1) We believe in trading directly with
small farming cooperatives at mutually
agreed-upon prices with a fixed
minimum rate.
(2) If the coffee market declines, then
the farmers are still guaranteed a fair
price.
____________________________
∴(3) Have a cup of Equal Exchange
Coffee. (from 1-2)
B:
(1) Equal Exchange Coffee company
trades directly with small farming
cooperatives at mutually agreed-upon
prices with a fixed minimum rate.
(2) If a coffee company trades with a
fixed minimum rate, then, if the coffee
market declines, the farmers are still
guaranteed that minimum price.
(3) If a minimum price is mutually
agreed-upon by the farmers, then that
minimum price is fair.
____________________________
∴(4) Equal Exchange Coffee company
guarantees farmers a fair price. (from 1-3)
(5) You should buy coffee from a
company that guarantees farmers a fair
price.
____________________________
∴(6) You should buy Equal Exchange
Coffee. (from 4-5)
C:
(1) We believe in trading directly with
small farming cooperatives at mutually
agreed-upon prices with a fixed
minimum rate.
(2) You should do what we believe in.
____________________________
∴(3) You should trade directly with small
farming cooperatives at mutually
agreed-upon prices with a fixed
minimum rate. (from 1-2)
(4) If you trade directly with small
farming cooperatives at mutually
agreed-upon prices with a fixed
minimum rate, then the coffee market
will not decline.
(5) If the coffee market does not
decline, then the farmers will still be
guaranteed a fair price.
(6) If the farmers are guaranteed a fair
price, then you should buy Equal
Exchange Coffee.
____________________________
∴(7) You should buy Equal Exchange
Coffee. (from 3-6)
正确答案:【
(1) Equal Exchange Coffee company
trades directly with small farming
cooperatives at mutually agreed-upon
prices with a fixed minimum rate.
(2) If a coffee company trades with a
fixed minimum rate, then, if the coffee
market declines, the farmers are still
guaranteed that minimum price.
(3) If a minimum price is mutually
agreed-upon by the farmers, then that
minimum price is fair.
____________________________
∴(4) Equal Exchange Coffee company
guarantees farmers a fair price. (from 1-3)
(5) You should buy coffee from a
company that guarantees farmers a fair
price.
____________________________
∴(6) You should buy Equal Exchange
Coffee. (from 4-5)
】
12、单选题：
An argument can be sound (in the technical sense used in this course) when
A:
its premises and conclusion are both true.
B:
its premises are conclusion are both false.
C:
its premises are false, and its conclusion is true.
D:
its premises are true, and its conclusion is false.
E:
more than one of the above. (That is, a sound argument can have more than
one of these combinations of truth values.)
正确答案:【
its premises and conclusion are both true.
】
13、单选题：
An argument is sound (in the technical sense used in this course) when and only when
A:
its conclusion is true.
B:
its premises are true.
C:
the argument is valid and its premises are true.
D:
the argument is valid or its premises are true.
正确答案:【
the argument is valid and its premises are true.
】
14、单选题：
The Taj Mahal is taller than Mount Kilimanjaro. No anthill is as tall as Mount
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