第一章 单元测试
1、判断题：The goal of an argument is to abuse the audience.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
2、判断题：“33 + 66 = 99” is an argument.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
3、判断题：Every conclusion contradicts what the audience believes.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
4、判断题：An argument that is spoken is no good if it is not spoken loudly enough.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
5、判断题：When an argument is used for explanation, its purpose is to give a reason to believe that its conclusion is true.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
6、判断题：You can give the meaning of a word by describing how it is used.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
7、判断题：All arguments are made up of (or expressed in) language of some kind.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
8、判断题：To persuade someone, you need to justify a conclusion.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
9、判断题：An explanation answers a question about why something happened.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
10、判断题：Language is completely arbitrary.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
11、判断题：The goal of an argument is to beat an opponent.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
12、判断题：“Water is H2O, and salt is NaCl” is an argument.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
13、判断题：An argument can succeed in justifying its conclusion even if its audience rejects the argument’s premises.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
14、判断题：When an argument is used for persuasion, its purpose is to cause its audience to believe its conclusion.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
15、判断题：A justification tries to present a reason to believe its conclusion.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
16、判断题：Every argument has more than one premise.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
17、判断题：To justify a conclusion, you need to persuade someone.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
18、判断题：All arguments are used either to justify or to explain their conclusions.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
第二章 单元测试
1、判断题：The word “since” is always a premise marker.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
2、判断题：If a word in a sentence can be replaced by a conclusion marker without significantly changing the meaning of the sentence, then the word is used as a conclusion marker in that sentence.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
3、判断题：Negative evaluative utterances say that something violates a standard.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
4、判断题：An assuring term is reflexive when it refers to the mental state of the speaker.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
5、判断题：The word “too” in “too small” introduces an evaluation.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【对】
6、判断题：“If … then …” is an argument marker.
A:对
B:错
正确答案:【错】
7、单选题：A(n) ___term is used to indicate that the speaker has some reasons for what he says without actually specifying what those reasons are.
A:
G = guarding term
B:
A = assuring term
C:
D = discounting term
D:
E = evaluative term
正确答案:【
A = assuring term
】
8、单选题：A(n) ___ term is used to indicate a response to a possible objection.
A:
A = assuring term
B:
G = guarding term
C:
D = discounting term
D:
E = evaluative term
正确答案:【
D = discounting term
】
9、单选题：A(n) ___ term is used to weaken a claim in order to make it easier to defend against possible criticisms.
A:
A = assuring term
B:
G = guarding term
C:
D = discounting term
D:
E = evaluative term
正确答案:【
G = guarding term
】
10、单选题：A(n) ___ term can be either positive or negative.
A:
A = assuring term
B:
G = guarding term
C:
D = discounting term
D:
E = evaluative term
正确答案:【
E = evaluative term
】
11、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
D = a discounting term
】
12、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
G = a guarding term
】
13、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould—”The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
E+ = a positive evaluative term
】
14、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
A = an assuring term
】
15、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N= none of the above
正确答案:【
E+ = a positive evaluative term
】
16、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould—”The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
C = a conclusion marker
】
17、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould—”The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
G = a guarding term
】
18、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould—”The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
N = none of the above
】
19、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
D = a discounting term
】
20、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould—”The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
E- = a negative evaluative term
】
21、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
正确答案:【
P = a premise marker
】
第三章 单元测试
1、单选题：He is so strong that he can lift 100 kilograms.
A:
N = not an argument
B:
A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
C:
V = an argument that is valid but not sound
D:
B = an argument that is both valid and sound
正确答案:【
N = not an argument
】
2、单选题：
Since Mrs. White did not commit the murder, Colonel Mustard did it.
Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?
A:
Mrs. White and Colonel Mustard are characters in the board game Clue.
B:
Either Mrs. White or Colonel Mustard committed the murder.
C:
Mrs. White and Colonel Mustard are suspects for the murder.
D:
Mrs. White and Colonel Mustard are the only suspects for the murder.
正确答案:【
Either Mrs. White or Colonel Mustard committed the murder.
】
3、单选题：
Joe does not like steak. Therefore, some farmers don’t like steak.
Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?
A:
Farmers raise plants but not animals.
B:
Farmers raise animals but not plants.
C:
Joe is a farmer.
D:
Joe is not a farmer.
正确答案:【
Joe is a farmer.
】
4、单选题：An argument is sound (in the technical sense used in this course) when and only when
A:
its conclusion is true.
B:
its premises are true.
C:
the argument is valid and its premises are true.
D:
the argument is valid or its premises are true.
正确答案:【
the argument is valid and its premises are true.
】
5、单选题：
If jellyfish were birds, then they would have feathers; so jellyfish are not birds.
Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?
A:
Jellyfish cannot fly.
B:
Birds are not fish.
C:
Jellyfish have feathers.
D:
Jellyfish do not have feathers.
正确答案:【
Jellyfish do not have feathers.
】
6、单选题：
You ought to wear a coat, because it is freezing.
Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?
A:
You ought to wear a coat when it is freezing.
B:
Coats keep you from freezing.
C:
Most people wear coats when it is freezing.
D:
Coats are made to be worn when it is freezing.
正确答案:【
You ought to wear a coat when it is freezing.
】
7、单选题：He can lift 100 kilograms, so he is strong. This is
A:
N = not an argument
B:
A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
C:
V = an argument that is valid but not sound
D:
B = an argument that is both valid and sound
正确答案:【
A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
】
8、单选题：Most people from Sao Paulo cheer for the Brazilian national team.
A:
N = not an argument
B:
A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
C:
V = an argument that is valid but not sound
D:
B = an argument that is both valid and sound
正确答案:【
N = not an argument
】
9、单选题：
Indicate which of the proposed reconstructions best captures the argument in the following passage from John Russell, “Is Eakins Our Greatest Painter?”
…we prize him above all for the new dimension of moral awareness that he brought to American painting.
A:
(1) We prize Eakins above all other painters.
____________________________
∴ (2) Eakins brought a new dimension of moral awareness to American painting. (from 1)
B:
(1) Eakins brought a new dimension of moral awareness to American painting.
____________________________
∴ (2) We prize Eakins above all other painters. (from 1)
C:
(1) Eakins brought a new dimension of moral awareness to American painting.
(2) We prize painters above all others when they bring a new moral awareness to American painting.
____________________________
∴ (3) We prize Eakins above all other painters. (from 1-2)
D:
(1) Eakins brought a new dimension of moral awareness to American painting.
(2) A painter who brings a new dimension of moral awareness to American painting is better than all others.
____________________________
∴ (3) We prize Eakins above all other painters. (from 1-2)
正确答案:【
(1) Eakins brought a new dimension of moral awareness to American painting.
(2) We prize painters above all others when they bring a new moral awareness to American painting.
____________________________
∴ (3) We prize Eakins above all other painters. (from 1-2)
】
10、单选题：
All criminals have tattoos, so Gizelle is not a criminal.
Indicate which of the following is a single suppressed premise that is sufficient to make this argument valid.
A:
Only criminals have tattoos.
B:
Most people with tattoos are criminals.
C:
Gizelle has a tattoo.
D:
Gizelle does not have a tattoo.
正确答案:【
Gizelle does not have a tattoo.
】
11、单选题：
Japan is bigger than Israel. Japan is not bigger than China. Therefore, China is bigger than Israel.
How would you describe the above example? (In assessing soundness, you may assume commonly known facts.)
A:
N = not an argument
B:
A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
C:
V = an argument that is valid but not sound
D:
B = an argument that is both valid and sound
正确答案:【
B = an argument that is both valid and sound
】
12、单选题：
Pigs cannot fly, so they are not birds.
Indicate which of the following is a single suppressed premise that is sufficient to make this argument valid.
A:
Only birds can fly.
B:
All birds can fly.
C:
Some birds can fly.
D:
Some birds cannot fly.
正确答案:【
All birds can fly.
】
13、单选题：
There was a murder, and the only suspects who could have committed it are Mr. Green and Mrs. Peacock, so the murderer must be Mr. Green.
Indicate which of the following is a single suppressed premise that is sufficient to make this argument valid.
A:
Mr. Green and Mrs. Peacock did not commit the murder together.
B:
If Mr. Green committed the murder, then Mrs. Peacock did not.
C:
Mrs. Peacock did not commit the murder.
D:
Mr. Green is not the only suspect.
正确答案:【
Mrs. Peacock did not commit the murder.
】
14、单选题：
Sao Paulo is in South America, for it is in Brazil, and Brazil is in South America.
How would you describe the above example? (In assessing soundness, you may assume commonly known facts.)
A:
N = not an argument
B:
A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound
C:
V = an argument that is valid but not sound
D:
B = an argument that is both valid and sound
正确答案:【
B = an argument that is both valid and sound
】
15、单选题：An argument cannot ever be valid (in the technical sense used in this course) when
A:
its premises and conclusion are both true.
B:
its premises and conclusion are both false.
C:
its premises are false, and its conclusion is true.
D:
its premises are true, and its conclusion is false.
E:
None of the above. (That is, an argument can be valid with any of these combinations of truth values.)
正确答案:【
its premises are true, and its conclusion is false.
】
16、单选题：
Indicate which of the proposed reconstructions best captures the argument in the following passage from Steven Jay Gould, “The Panda’s Thumb.”
Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer….
A:
(1) Orchids are made up of common components of ordinary flowers.
(2) Those components of ordinary flowers are usually fitted for different purposes (in ordinary flowers than in orchids).
(3) If God had designed a machine to reflect his wisdom and power, then he would not have used components generally fashioned for different purposes.
____________________________
∴ (4) God did not design orchids to reflect his wisdom and power. (from 1-3)
B:
(1) Orchids are made up of common components of ordinary flowers.
(2) Those components of ordinary flowers are usually fitted for different purposes (in ordinary flowers than in orchids).
____________________________
∴ (3) Orchids are made up of components that are usually fitted for different purposes. (from 1-2)
(4) If God had designed a machine to reflect his wisdom and power, then he would not have used components generally fashioned for different purposes.
(5) Orchids are a kind of machine.
____________________________
∴ (6) God did not design orchids to reflect his wisdom and power. (from 4- 5)
C:
(1) Orchids are made up of common components of ordinary flowers.
(2) Those components of ordinary flowers are usually fitted for different purposes (in ordinary flowers than in orchids).
____________________________
∴ (3) God did not design orchids. (from 1-2)
(4) If God had designed a machine to reflect his wisdom and power, then he would not have used components generally fashioned for different purposes.
(5) God designs things to reflect his wisdom and power.
____________________________
∴ (3) God did not design orchids. (from 4-5)
正确答案:【
(1) Orchids are made up of common components of ordinary flowers.
(2) Those components of ordinary flowers are usually fitted for different purposes (in ordinary flowers than in orchids).
____________________________
∴ (3) Orchids are made up of components that are usually fitted for different purposes. (from 1-2)
(4) If God had designed a machine to reflect his wisdom and power, then he would not have used components generally fashioned for different purposes.
(5) Orchids are a kind of machine.
____________________________
∴ (6) God did not design orchids to reflect his wisdom and power. (from 4- 5)
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17、单选题：
Which of the proposed reconstructions best captures the argument in the following passage from Paul Davies, “Life and Death on Mars”?
If provided with the right equipment, astronauts would have a chance of living on Mars for years. Therefore, a one-way trip to Mars need not mean a quick demise.
A:
(1) Astronauts would be provided with the right equipment.
(2) Astronauts would have a chance of living on Mars for years.
____________________________
∴ (3) A one-way trip to Mars need not mean a quick demise. (from 1-2)
B:
(1) If provided with the right equipment, astronauts would have a chance of living on Mars for years.
(2) Astronauts would be provided with the right equipment.
(3) Astronauts would have a chance of living on Mars for years.
____________________________
∴ (4) A one-way trip to Mars need not mean a quick demise. (from 1-3)
C:
(1) If provided with the right equipment, astronauts would have a chance of living on Mars for years.
(2) Astronauts would be provided with the right equipment.
____________________________
∴ (3) Astronauts would have a chance of living on Mars for years. (from 1-2)
____________________________
∴ (4) A one-way trip to Mars need not mean a quick demise. (from 3)
D:
(1) If provided with the right equipment, astronauts would have a chance of living on Mars for years.
(2) Astronauts would be provided with the right equipment.
____________________________
∴ (3) Astronauts would have a chance of living on Mars for years. (from 1-2)
(4) If people live on Mars for years, then they do not suffer a quick demise.
____________________________
∴ (5) A one-way trip to Mars need not mean a quick demise. (from 3-4)
正确答案:【
(1) If provided with the right equipment, astronauts would have a chance of living on Mars for years.
(2) Astronauts would be provided with the right equipment.
____________________________
∴ (3) Astronauts would have a chance of living on Mars for years. (from 1-2)
(4) If people live on Mars for years, then they do not suffer a quick demise.
____________________________
∴ (5) A one-way trip to Mars need not mean a quick demise. (from 3-4)
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18、单选题：
Indicate which of the proposed reconstructions best represents the argument in the following passage from an advertisement for Equal Exchange Coffee.
…We believe in trading directly with small farming cooperatives at mutually agreed-upon prices with a fixed minimum rate. Then, should the coffee market decline, the farmers are still guaranteed a fair price. So have a cup of Equal Exchange Coffee….
A:
(1) We believe in trading directly with small farming cooperatives at mutually agreed-upon prices with a fixed minimum rate.
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